The indirect taxes that have been subsumed in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India are:

1. Central Sales Tax (CST)
2. Value Added Tax (VAT)
3. Service Tax
4. Central Excise Duty
5. Additional Excise Duties
6. Additional Customs Duty (Countervailing Duty)
7. Special Additional Duty of Customs

Regarding the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July 2017, it has had both positive and negative effects. Here are some key points:

Positive revenue implications:

1. Increased tax base: The GST has expanded the tax base by bringing more businesses into the formal economy, resulting in higher tax collections.
2. Improved compliance: The GST's simplified tax structure and increased scrutiny have prompted businesses to comply and pay taxes more efficiently, reducing tax evasion.

Negative revenue implications:

1. Initial disruption: The implementation of GST initially caused some disruption in the economy, leading to a temporary decrease in revenue collections.
2. Lower rates for some products: Some products that previously had higher tax rates under separate tax regimes now come under lower tax brackets, resulting in reduced tax collections for those items.

Overall, the revenue implications of the GST in India are generally positive in the long run, as it has brought more businesses under the tax net and improved compliance. However, there have been short-term challenges during the transition period.

Indirect Taxes Subsumed under GST in India:

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India replaced several indirect taxes, bringing uniformity and streamlining the taxation system. Here are the major indirect taxes subsumed under GST:

Central Taxes:

• Central Excise Duty: Levied on manufacture of goods within India.
• Service Tax: Levied on various services provided in India.
• Additional Excise Duty: Imposed on specific goods like cigarettes and pan masala.
• Special Additional Duty of Excise: Levied on imported goods.
• Countervailing Duty: Charged on imported goods to offset the excise duty levied on domestic goods.
• Central Sales Tax: Levied on interstate sales of goods.

State Taxes:

• Value Added Tax (VAT): Levied on the value addition at each stage of production and distribution of goods.
• Octroi: A local tax levied on goods entering a city or town.
• Purchase Tax: Imposed on purchases of certain goods.
• Entry Tax: Levied on goods entering a state.
• Luxury Tax: Charged on high-end goods.
• Entertainment Tax: Imposed on entertainment events.
• State Excise Duty: Levied on the production of certain goods within a state.

Revenue Implications of GST:

The introduction of GST in India has had significant revenue implications, both positive and negative:

Positive:

• Increased Tax Compliance: GST's single tax structure simplifies tax administration and reduces evasion, leading to higher revenue collection.
• Improved Tax Revenue: The unified tax structure has led to a broader tax base and increased tax compliance, resulting in improved revenue collection.
• Reduced Cascading Effect: GST eliminates cascading (double taxation) of goods and services, allowing businesses to pass on lower prices to consumers, which can stimulate demand and boost economic activity.
• Enhanced Transparency: GST's online platform and real-time tracking of transactions have increased transparency and accountability in the tax system.

Negative:

• Initial Revenue Loss: Some states experienced an initial dip in revenue due to the transition to GST and adjustments in tax rates.
• Challenges in Administration: Implementing a new and complex tax system like GST has presented administrative challenges, particularly in reconciling data and resolving disputes.
• Impact on Small Businesses: Some small businesses, particularly those in the unorganized sector, have struggled to adapt to the new GST regime due to its complex procedures and compliance requirements.

Overall, the impact of GST on India's revenue has been positive, contributing to higher tax collection and a more efficient tax system. While there have been challenges, the government continues to work towards improving the implementation and addressing issues faced by taxpayers. The long-term benefits of a unified and streamlined tax system are expected to outweigh the initial challenges and contribute to India's economic growth.

In India, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced on July 1, 2017, with the aim of consolidating multiple indirect taxes into a single, comprehensive tax regime. The following indirect taxes have been subsumed in GST:

Central Taxes:

1. Central Excise Duty: A duty levied on the manufacture of goods.
2. Service Tax: A tax on services provided in India.
3. Additional Customs Duty (Countervailing Duty): A duty levied on certain imports to protect domestic industries.
4. Special Additional Duty (SAD): A duty levied on certain imports to compensate for exemptions given to domestic manufacturers.

State Taxes:

1. Value Added Tax (VAT): A tax on the value added at each stage of production and distribution of goods.
2. Sales Tax: A tax on the sale of goods.
3. Entertainment Tax: A tax on entertainment services, such as movies, theaters, and amusement parks.
4. Luxury Tax: A tax on luxury goods and services, such as hotels and restaurants.
5. Taxes on Lottery, Betting, and Gambling: Taxes on these activities.

Other Taxes:

1. Entry Tax: A tax on goods brought into a local area for sale or use.
2. Octroi: A tax on the entry of goods into a municipal area.
3. Purchase Tax: A tax on the purchase of goods.

The revenue implications of GST in India have been mixed:

Positive Impacts:

1. Increased Tax Base: GST has expanded the tax base, as many previously exempt sectors, such as textiles and real estate, are now subject to taxation.
2. Improved Compliance: The GST network has improved tax compliance, with a greater number of taxpayers filing returns and paying taxes.
3. Reduced Cascading Effect: GST has eliminated the cascading effect of taxes, where taxes were levied on taxes, leading to higher prices.
4. Simplified Tax Structure: GST has simplified the tax structure, reducing the number of taxes and rates.

Negative Impacts:

1. Initial Teething Issues: The implementation of GST was marred by initial teething issues, such as technical glitches and confusion over tax rates and procedures.
2. Revenue Shortfall: The GST revenue collections have not been as high as expected, leading to a revenue shortfall for both the central and state governments.
3. Higher Compliance Costs: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have faced higher compliance costs, as they need to invest in technology and resources to comply with GST regulations.
4. Inflationary Pressures: GST has led to inflationary pressures, as businesses have passed on the increased tax burden to consumers.

Reviews and Reforms:

To address the concerns and issues arising from the implementation of GST, the Indian government has introduced several reforms, including:

1. Reducing Tax Rates: The GST Council has reduced tax rates on several items, including consumer goods and services.
2. Simplifying Procedures: The government has simplified GST procedures, such as the filing of returns and the payment of taxes.
3. Introducing a New Return System: A new return system has been introduced to simplify the process and reduce the compliance burden on taxpayers.

Overall, the GST has had a significant impact on the Indian economy, though the implementation has had its shares of challenges and controversies.