The anti-colonial struggle in India was primarily motivated by several major political, economic, and social developments in the world. These include:

1. Political Developments:

• Rise of nationalism: The emergence of nationalist sentiments across the globe, particularly in Europe and America, inspired Indians to push for freedom and self-rule.
• World Wars: World War I and II exposed the contradictions of European colonialism, as colonies were expected to contribute to the war efforts while not being granted equal rights or representation.
• Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points: US President Woodrow Wilson's post-World War I proposal for self-determination and the right to govern themselves inspired Indian nationalists to demand the same for their country.

2. Economic Developments:

• Exploitative colonial policies: British colonial rule in India was characterized by economic exploitation, including taxation, monopolistic trade practices, and deindustrialization, which led to widespread poverty and inequality.
• Global economic changes: The rise of capitalist economies in Europe and America, along with the Industrial Revolution, created a demand for raw materials and markets. Colonies like India became vital sources of resources, leading to increased resistance against colonial economic exploitation.

3. Social Developments:

• Education and awareness: The spread of education and the growth of a middle class in India exposed the discriminatory nature of British colonial rule, inspired by the ideas of equality and justice from the Enlightenment and European thinkers like Rousseau, Voltaire, and Marx.
• Nationalist movements in other colonies: The successful anti-colonial struggles in countries like Ireland, Egypt, and China, among others, served as inspiration and motivated Indians to fight for their own independence.
• Racial discrimination and cultural suppression: The British policy of racial discrimination against Indians, as well as the suppression of Indian culture and traditions, led to a growing sense of national pride and the need to reclaim and assert Indian identity.

These major political, economic, and social developments in the world provided the necessary impetus for the anti-colonial struggle in India, culminating in its eventual independence in 1947.

The anti-colonial struggle in India was fueled by a complex interplay of political, economic, and social factors. Here are some key developments that served as motivation:

Political Factors:

• Rise of Nationalism: The 19th century saw the rise of Indian nationalism, fueled by a sense of shared identity, cultural pride, and resentment towards British rule. Educational institutions, newspapers, and political organizations played a crucial role in promoting this nationalist sentiment.
• Western Education and Ideas: Exposure to Western education and Enlightenment ideals introduced Indians to concepts of liberty, equality, and self-determination, which inspired them to demand political rights and freedom.
• Failure of the British to Integrate Indians: Despite promises of inclusivity, the British administration maintained a clear divide between rulers and ruled, denying Indians access to political power, senior administrative positions, and higher education. This exclusion further fueled the nationalist movement.
• World Wars and the Promise of Self-Rule: India's participation in World War I and World War II, where Indian soldiers fought for the British, raised expectations of self-rule and the fulfillment of promises made by the British government.

Economic Factors:

• Exploitation of Resources: The British pursued an exploitative economic policy, extracting raw materials and agricultural produce from India, while focusing on industrial development in Britain. This led to economic hardship and resentment among Indians.
• Impoverishment and Inequality: The economic policies of the British led to widespread poverty and inequality, with a concentration of wealth in the hands of a small elite.
• The Drain of Wealth: The concept of the "Drain of Wealth" - the transfer of resources from India to Britain - was a rallying point for nationalists, as it highlighted the unfair economic system imposed by the British.
• Industrialization and Unemployment: While Britain industrialized, India remained largely an agrarian economy, leading to unemployment and a lack of opportunities for skilled labor, particularly among educated Indians.

Social Factors:

• Social Reform Movements: The 19th century saw the emergence of social reform movements in India, addressing issues like caste inequality, child marriage, and widow remarriage. These movements, often led by educated Indians, highlighted the need for social change and contributed to the overall fight against colonial rule.
• Rise of Hindu and Muslim Nationalism: The rise of Hindu and Muslim nationalism, particularly in the later stages of the movement, contributed to the complexity of the anti-colonial struggle and later led to the partition of India.
• Impact of Western Culture: While exposure to Western culture led to the adoption of some Western ideals, it also led to a sense of cultural alienation and a desire to reclaim and strengthen Indian culture and traditions.

These complex and intertwined factors created a fertile ground for the anti-colonial struggle in India. The movement evolved from peaceful protests and appeals to the British government to more militant and violent tactics. Ultimately, the struggle for independence was successful, leading to the establishment of an independent India in 1947.

The anti-colonial struggle in India was motivated by various political, economic, and social developments in the world. Here are some of the major factors that contributed to the movement:

Political Developments:

1. Rise of Nationalism: The French Revolution (1789-1799) and the American Revolution (1775-1783) inspired nationalist movements across the world, including India. The idea of self-rule and democracy gained momentum, motivating Indians to demand freedom from colonial rule.
2. Decolonization of Latin America: The Latin American wars of independence (1810-1826) led to the formation of new nations in the region. This success story inspired Indians to fight for their own independence.
3. Russian Revolution (1917): The Russian Revolution, which overthrew the Tsarist regime, demonstrated the power of mass mobilization and inspired Indians to adopt similar tactics to challenge British rule.

Economic Developments:

1. Exploitation of Indian Resources: The British East India Company's exploitation of India's natural resources, including land, labor, and markets, led to widespread poverty, inequality, and resentment among Indians.
2. Drain of Wealth: The British colonial system transferred India's wealth to Britain, perpetuating poverty and underdevelopment in India. This "drain of wealth" theory, articulated by Indian nationalist Dadabhai Naoroji, highlighted the economic costs of colonial rule.
3. Global Economic Crisis (1929-1939): The Great Depression led to a global economic downturn, which worsened India's economic conditions and made the colonial regime increasingly unpopular.

Social Developments:

1. Spread of Education: The introduction of Western education in India by the British helped create a class of educated Indians who were aware of their country's rich cultural heritage and the injustices of colonial rule.
2. Social Reform Movements: Various social reform movements, such as the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj, aimed to modernize Indian society and eradicate social evils like casteism, child marriage, and untouchability. These movements helped create a sense of national identity and unity.
3. Growth of the Press: The expansion of the press and the publication of newspapers like the Amrita Bazar Patrika and the Bengalee helped disseminate ideas of nationalism, democracy, and self-rule to a wider audience.

Other Factors:

1. Indian Participation in World War I: India's significant contribution to the British war effort during World War I created a sense of disillusionment and frustration among Indians, who felt that their sacrifices were not being recognized or reciprocated by the British.
2. Rise of Mahatma Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi's leadership and philosophy of non-violent resistance (Ahimsa) inspired a new generation of Indians to participate in the anti-colonial struggle.

These factors cumulatively created a sense of discontent, frustration, and nationalism among Indians, which ultimately motivated the anti-colonial struggle in India.