Before the signing of the Sendai Framework for DRR in 2015, India had already implemented several measures for disaster risk reduction. These measures included:

1. Establishment of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): In 2005, India established the NDMA as the apex body responsible for disaster management in the country. It coordinates and implements policies, plans, and guidelines for effective disaster risk reduction.

2. National Disaster Management Plan: In 2016, India developed and implemented the National Disaster Management Plan, which is a comprehensive document outlining strategies, programs, and measures for disaster risk reduction and management.

3. Early Warning Systems: India has implemented several early warning systems for various types of disasters, such as cyclones, floods, and earthquakes. These systems help in timely notification and evacuation of vulnerable populations to safer areas.

4. Capacity Building Initiatives: India has focused on capacity building at various levels, including training programs for disaster management personnel, awareness campaigns, and skill development initiatives to enhance preparedness and response capabilities.

After signing the Sendai Framework for DRR, India has further strengthened its efforts towards disaster risk reduction. Some of the key steps taken include:

1. Mainstreaming DRR: India has integrated disaster risk reduction considerations into sectoral plans and policies, such as infrastructure development, urban planning, and agriculture, to ensure resilience against disasters.

2. National Disaster Risk Index: India has launched the National Disaster Risk Index, which assesses and ranks states and union territories based on their vulnerability to various hazards. This helps in prioritizing resources and interventions for higher-risk areas.

3. National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR): India has established the NPDRR as a forum for consultation, coordination, and review of the progress in disaster risk reduction activities. It brings together various stakeholders, including government agencies, civil society organizations, and academia.

4. Investing in Resilient Infrastructure: India is investing in building resilient infrastructure to withstand disasters. This includes the construction of cyclone shelters, flood embankments, and earthquake-resistant buildings.

The Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030) is different from the Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005, in several ways:

1. Focus on Risk Reduction: The Sendai Framework emphasizes disaster risk reduction rather than just disaster management and response, as in the Hyogo Framework. It recognizes the importance of preventive measures and efforts to reduce the underlying risk factors.

2. Broadening the Scope: The Sendai Framework expands the scope of disaster risk reduction by including various types of hazards, such as natural and man-made disasters, climate change-related risks, and environmental degradation. The Hyogo Framework primarily focused on natural hazards.

3. Sustainable Development Integration: The Sendai Framework promotes the integration of disaster risk reduction strategies into sustainable development planning. It recognizes the interlinkages between disasters, poverty, and development, calling for a holistic and inclusive approach.

4. Monitoring and Reporting: The Sendai Framework emphasizes the need for systematic monitoring and reporting of progress in disaster risk reduction. It sets targets and indicators to measure advancements, ensuring accountability and transparency.

Overall, the Sendai Framework provides a more comprehensive and holistic approach to disaster risk reduction, encompassing a broader range of risks and linking it with sustainable development goals. It encourages proactive measures and investments for building resilience, laying the foundation for a safer and more resilient future.

Disaster Risk Reduction in India: Before and After Sendai Framework

India has a long history of facing natural disasters, from earthquakes and floods to cyclones and droughts. The country has been actively involved in disaster risk reduction (DRR) efforts both before and after the Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030).

Measures taken before Sendai Framework:

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) established in 2005: This institution played a crucial role in coordinating disaster management activities across the country, including policy formulation, capacity building, and disaster preparedness.
• National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) established in 2006: This specialized force provides rapid response to disasters, conducting rescue, relief, and rehabilitation operations.
• State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) established in each state: These bodies work at the state level, implementing policies and plans for disaster management in their respective jurisdictions.
• National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP): This plan, updated periodically, outlines strategies for disaster preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery.
• Early Warning Systems (EWS): Development of various EWS for different hazards, including floods, cyclones, and earthquakes.
• Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR): Programs and initiatives aimed at engaging communities in disaster preparedness and risk reduction activities.

Measures taken after Sendai Framework:

• National Policy on Disaster Management, 2016: Aligning with the Sendai Framework, this policy emphasizes a comprehensive approach to DRR, including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
• Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Strategy for India, 2016: This document provides a detailed roadmap for implementing the Sendai Framework in India, outlining specific targets and strategies for each priority area.
• Strengthening of Institutional Mechanisms: Continued focus on building capacity of NDRF, NDMA, and SDMAs, with specific initiatives for improving communication, coordination, and information sharing.
• Emphasis on Risk Assessment and Early Warning Systems: Prioritizing the development of accurate and timely EWS for various hazards, ensuring efficient communication to vulnerable communities.
• Integration of DRR into Development Planning: Integrating DRR considerations into all development plans and policies, promoting a risk-informed approach to development.
• Capacity Building and Community Engagement: Investing in training, awareness campaigns, and community-based programs to enhance disaster preparedness and resilience.
• Promoting Climate Change Adaptation: Recognizing the link between climate change and disaster risk, promoting climate change adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability.

Differences between Sendai and Hyogo Framework:

The Sendai Framework builds upon the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015), but it differs in several key aspects:

• Greater focus on risk reduction: While Hyogo Framework focused on disaster preparedness and response, Sendai Framework emphasizes the importance of reducing disaster risk in the first place, through proactive measures like risk assessment, mitigation, and prevention.
• Emphasis on people-centered approach: The Sendai Framework emphasizes the importance of inclusivity and participation, ensuring that all segments of society are involved in DRR efforts, especially vulnerable groups.
• Recognition of the role of development: The Sendai Framework stresses the importance of integrating DRR into sustainable development planning, recognizing that disaster risk reduction is crucial for achieving broader development goals.
• Greater accountability: The Sendai Framework calls for increased accountability for disaster risk reduction efforts, with clear targets and indicators for measuring progress.

Overall, the Sendai Framework represents a significant shift in the approach to DRR, moving beyond reactive response to proactive risk reduction, with a greater emphasis on inclusivity, development integration, and accountability. India has implemented several measures in line with these principles, demonstrating its commitment to building a more resilient future.

India has taken various measures for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) both before and after signing the Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030). Here are some of the key measures:

Before signing the Sendai Framework:

1. Disaster Management Act, 2005: The Act established the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to oversee disaster management in India.
2. National Disaster Management Policy, 2009: The policy emphasized the need for a proactive approach to disaster risk reduction and management.
3. National Building Code of India, 2005: The code provides guidelines for earthquake-resistant construction and retrofitting of buildings.
4. Early Warning Systems: India has developed early warning systems for cyclones, floods, and tsunamis to minimize loss of life and property.
5. Disaster Risk Management Plan, 2012: The plan aimed to reduce disaster risks and enhance resilience in high-risk areas.

After signing the Sendai Framework:

1. National Disaster Management Plan, 2016: The plan aligns with the Sendai Framework and focuses on disaster risk reduction, response, and recovery.
2. Disaster Management Information System (DMIS): DMIS is a web-based platform for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating disaster-related data.
3. National Early Warning Systems: India has further strengthened its early warning systems, including the use of mobile apps and social media.
4. DRR Education: The government has included disaster risk reduction and management in school curricula to raise awareness among children.
5. Community-based DRR initiatives: The government has launched initiatives like the "Aapda Mitra" scheme, which trains volunteers in disaster response and relief.

Differences between Sendai Framework and Hyogo Framework:

The Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030) builds upon the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) but has some key differences:

1. Shift from response to prevention: Sendai Framework focuses on disaster risk reduction and prevention, whereas Hyogo Framework emphasized response and recovery.
2. Global targets: Sendai Framework sets seven global targets, including reducing disaster mortality, the number of affected people, and economic losses.
3. Increased emphasis on climate change: Sendai Framework recognizes the impact of climate change on disaster risk and encourages climate-resilient development.
4. Focus on resilient infrastructure: Sendai Framework highlights the importance of investing in resilient infrastructure to minimize disaster risks.
5. Broader scope: Sendai Framework encompasses all types of disasters, including biological and environmental disasters, whereas Hyogo Framework focused mainly on natural disasters.
6. Increased participation of stakeholders: Sendai Framework encourages the participation of all stakeholders, including local governments, civil society, and the private sector, in disaster risk reduction efforts.

In summary, India has taken significant steps towards disaster risk reduction and management, aligning with the Sendai Framework's goals and targets. The Sendai Framework marks a shift towards a more proactive and preventive approach to disaster risk reduction, with a broader scope and increased emphasis on climate change, resilient infrastructure, and stakeholder participation.