GS Question

The notion of equality in the constitutions of the USA and India has some distinguishing features. Here's an analysis of these features:

1. Scope:

- USA: The US Constitution broadly guarantees equality under the law in its Fourteenth Amendment, which states that no state shall deny any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws." This focuses on ensuring equal treatment and prohibits discrimination by the government.

- India: The Indian Constitution emphasizes a broader concept of equality in its Article 14, stating that the state shall not deny any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws. It encompasses not only government discrimination but also applies to private individuals, ensuring equal treatment in various spheres.

2. Affirmative Action:

- USA: The US Constitution does not explicitly mention affirmative action. However, various laws and court rulings have allowed affirmative action programs to address historical discrimination and ensure equal opportunity.

- India: The Indian Constitution explicitly provides for affirmative action through its system of reservations, known as "Positive Discrimination." It includes reserved seats in government jobs, educational institutions, and legislative bodies for historically disadvantaged groups, particularly Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

3. Grounds of Discrimination:

- USA: The US Constitution prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. While these grounds cover significant aspects, they have been expanded through court interpretations to include other categories such as disability and sexual orientation.

- India: The Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Additionally, it includes protective measures to uplift socially and educationally backward classes, which primarily focus on caste-based discrimination.

4. Cultural Context:

- USA: The concept of equality in the USA is deeply rooted in individualism, liberty, and non-discrimination. It is influenced by the history of racial segregation, civil rights movements, and strives for equal opportunity.

- India: In India, the notion of equality is intertwined with the country's unique socio-cultural context, including its history of caste-based discrimination. The constitutional provisions strive to address historical inequalities, uplift disadvantaged groups, and promote social justice.

It is crucial to note that these distinctions reflect the constitutional frameworks and interpretations, and the realization of equality in practice may vary. The constitutions of both countries aim to ensure equality and prevent discrimination, but they approach and address the concept based on their respective historical, legal, and social contexts.